1498 -- Italy: The Ordeal by Fire in Florence.

1521 -- Philippines: Magellan lands at Cebu. Civilizes the savages by introducing poker.

1712 -- New World: New York slave revolt begins with an ambush on whites coming to douse a fire deliberately started.
Source: 'Calendar Riots'



1739 -- England: Dirk Turpin celebrated robber, hangs.


1770 -- William Wordsworth lives (1770-1850). British poet who started, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the English Romantic movement. His first masterwork, Lyrical Ballads, opened with Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. His poems written in his late years never gained critical approval. As Bertrand Russell put it:

"In his youth Wordsworth sympathized with the French Revolution, went to France, wrote good poetry, & had a natural daughter. At this period, he was called a 'bad' man. Then he became 'good,' abandoned his daughter, adopted correct principles, & wrote bad poetry."

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/wordswor.htm

1772 -- France: Utopian socialist Charles Fourier lives, Besancon. Gourmet, utopianist, madcap, inspirationist.

Je vais plaider la plus ridicule des causes; il n'existe rien de plus bafoué en civilisation que l'amour sentimental.

I will plead the most ridiculous of all causes; nothing is more flouted in civilization than sentimental love.

— Charles Fourier, Le Nouveau Monde Amoureux.

"Under civilization, poverty is born of super-abundance itself."

— Charles Fourier

http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/communalism6.htm

1775 -- Samuel Johnson, dining at a tavern with companions declares, as noted by ever-present James Boswell,

"Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel."

http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Johnson/

1803 -- French socialist feminist Flora Tristan lives.
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/at/tristan.html

In Spanish see the Mujeres en Red page,http://www.nodo50.org/mujeresred/flora_tristan.html
http://www.ainfos.ca/A-Infos96/1/0047.html


1836 -- England: William Godwin, the "father" of modern anarchism, dies. See the Anarchist Encyclopedia page,
http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/GodwinWilliam.htm




1862 -- US: Battle at Shiloh, Tennessee, (Civil War).
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/1257/shiloh.html

1868 -- Colombia: US military forces land at Aspinwall.



1870 -- Germany: Munich Soviet leader, anarchist Gustav Landauer lives, Karlsruhe.

Anarchist theorist influenced by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon & Peter Kropotkin, & a pacifist influenced by Leo Tolstoy's anarchist-pacifism.

Landauer wrote The Revolution (1908) & Call to Socialism (1911), etc.

Landauer, with Ret Marut (aka B. Traven, the novelist) & Erich Muhsam, was part of the Workers' Councils which, on this day in 1919, declared a Workers' Republic in Bavaria — in spite of the opposition of the Communists.

Daily Bleed Saint, May 2. On May 2, 1919, he was shot down in the street by soldiers, sent by the Socialist Gustav Noske, to subdue the Bavarian insurrection.

"The State is a condition, a certain relationship between human beings, a mode of human behavior; we destroy it by contracting other relationships, by behaving differently."

       — Gustav Landauer

1872 -- Dr. Marie Equi (1872-1952) lives, New Bedford, Massachusetts. Lesbian anarchist & labor organizer. Found guilty of sedition during WWI (as were countless others opposing American involvement in one of Europe's bloodiest wars) under a newly amended Espionage Act.
[Details / context]



1879 -- Italy: Mass arrests of Italian revolutionaries.



1882 -- Armando Borghi lives (1882-1968).

Italian anarchist, friend of Errico Malatesta's, secretary of the large Unione Anarchica Italiana (UAI) as well as the head of the Italian Syndicalist Union (USI) in Bologna.

1884 -- Guy de Maupassant story "Le Petit F–t" (The Little Cask) is published.


1888 -- Start of the Sherlock Holmes adventure "Yellow Face" (BG).


1889 -- Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957) lives, Vicuña.

Chilean educator, cultural minister, diplomat, & poet, first Latin American woman to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. Her reputation as poet was established when she won in 1914 Chilean prize for Sonetos de la Muerte (Sonnets of Death).

Central themes in Mistral's poems are love, mother's love, sorrow & recovery, painful personal memories like the suicide of her lover. Between 1922 & 1938 Gabriela Mistral worked with Mme. Curie & Henri Bergson in the League of Nations.

http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/gmistral.htm

1891 -- US: Circus kingpin P. T. Barnum dies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/barnum/barnum.html
http://www.lostmuseum.cuny.edu/

1901 -- Switzerland: Violent confrontations with the police & the army during demonstrations against the extradition of an Italian anarchist suspected of participation in the attack on King Umberto I on July 29, 1900.


1907 -- Violette Leduc lives, Calais, French lesbian writer (Le Batarde).


1908 --    Canada: Emma Goldman enters the US following detainment by US authorities yesterday. Her itinerary includes lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, & Sacramento.



1908 -- Brazil: Second São Paulo State Congress convenes. Segundo Congresso Estadual de São Paulo, realizado nos dias 7 e 8 de abril de 1908. Dele participaram 22 organizações operárias comprometidas com o anarco-sindicalismo.

22 labor organizations participating in the two-day meeting (April 7 & 8th) are comprised of anarcho-syndicalists. Source: História Do Movimento Anarquista No Brasil, at [ Arquivo de História Social ] http://www.mauc.ufc.br/expo/2002/02/

1911 -- US: Free Speech League formally incorporated, in Albany, New York.

Theodore Schroeder's interest in free speech & press as well as social injustices grew to the point where he led the movement to incorporate the Free Speech League.

The officers were: President, Leonard D. Abbott, associate editor of Current Opinion; Vice President, Brand Whitlock, then Mayor of Toledo, Ohio, & later US Minister to Belgium; Lincoln Steffens, author & progressive economist; Bolton Hall, author & lawyer; Gilbert E. Roe, son-in-law of Robert M. La Follette, lawyer & author; Dr. E.B. Foote, physician & author; Hutchins Hapgood, journalist & author; & Secretary, Theodore Schroeder.

Schroeder's strong role in the League can be seen in the fact that he was responsible for almost all the League's published work & that the headquarters was always where he had his personal belongings. The League remained active until the formation of the American Civil Liberties Union, an organization Schroeder felt could handle much better civil liberties cases.

http://www.lib.umich.edu/spec-coll/ishill/schroedr.html

1915 -- Critic Alexander Woollcott takes the Shubert theaters management to court when they ban him for "rancor & malice & venom."



1915 -- Jazz vocalist Billie Holiday lives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
http://www.ladyday.net/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday

1915 -- US: Emma Goldman debates economist Isaac Hourwich on "Social Revolution versus Social Reform" in New York City in a benefit for the Ferrer School; attended by nearly 2,000 people.



1917 -- US: Socialist Party votes opposition to WWI.

The day after Congress declares war, a Socialist Party emergency convention in St. Louis opposes US entry into World War I. The convention resolution calls the declaration (quote) "a crime against the people of the United States."

This summer, Socialist anti-war meetings will draw crowds of thousands, especially Midwest farmers. The Plymouth, Wisconsin, Review will report (quote) "thousands assemble to hear Socialist speakers where ordinarily a few hundred are considered large assemblages."

1917 --    Political Prisoners Ball, which Emma Goldman has helped organize, benefits the San Francisco Labor Defense for Mooney & Billings; features "cell-booth bazaar & prison garb & military costumes." Emma counts 4,500 people in attendance.



1919 -- Workers' Councils declare a Republic in Bavaria, in spite of the opposition of the Communists. The anarchists are the principal actors: Erich Muhsam, Gustav Landauer, Ret Marut (B. Traven), Ernst Toller, etc. But the troops sent in by the socialists will crush the revolutionaries between April 30 & May 2, 1919, killing over 700 victims.

In German, see
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~roehrigw/schmitt/text4.htm

1919 -- Russia: Allies evacuate Odessa (see 3 August, 4 September).
http://www.kolchak.org/History/Siberia/aef.htm



1922 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall leases the entire Teapot Dome oilfield, set aside as a naval oil reserve, to his close friend Harry Sinclair, head of the Mammoth Oil Company. It is later revealed that Fall accepted a $25,000 "unsecured loan" from Sinclair (see 22 January).


1926 -- Italy: Giovanni Amendola muore a Cannes, fisicamente distrutto dalle aggressioni subite dai fascisti.
[Source: Crimini e Misfatti]


1926 -- Italy: The first of several attempts to assassinate Benito Mussolini is made (by Violet Gibson who was later deported to Ireland; Mussolini is slightly injured).

Pavement is our pillow
No matter where we stray
Underneath the arches
We dream our dreams away

SPOKEN:

CHESNEY ALLEN: Lovely melody, Bud. Do you remember when we first sang it?
BUD FLANAGAN: Yes, Ches. We used to sit on a seat with the Thames Embankment behind us. You had a newspaper & read the headlines.
CA: That's quite right, Bud. I've still got that paper. D'you remember the date? Nineteen hundred & twenty-six.
BF: Ches, read those headlines again.
CA: Ah, here's one. Gertrude Edderley, eighteen-year-old American. First woman to swim The Channel.
BF: Listen to this. Cricket. Ashes for England after fourteen years.
CA: Irish woman, Violet Gibson, shoots Mussolini in the nose....

http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/u/underneaththearches.shtml

1927 -- First televised political demonstration occurs.


1927 -- US: In the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the denial of the Medeiros motion is affirmed.

See Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, & the Revolutionary Struggle, an audio CD by Howard Zinn.
http://www.torremaggiore.com/saccoevanzetti/storia.html
http://infoshop.org/page/Sacco-Vanzetti



1928 --

"Through the fence, between the curling flower spaces, I could see them hitting. They were coming toward where the flag was & I went along the fence. Luster was hunting in the grass by the flower tree. They took the flag out, & they were hitting. Then they put the flag back & they went to the table, & he hit & the other hit. Then they went on, & I went along the fence. Luster came away from the flower tree & we went along the fence & they stopped & I looked through the fence while Luster was hunting in the grass."

So begins, on this day, William Faulkner's tale of the decline of the American South, The Sound & the Fury. Quentin steals her Uncle Jason's money.
http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~egjbp/faulkner/faulkner.html



1928 -- Marcel Wullens dies of tuberculoses. Militant anarchist & syndicalist who helped found "La révolution prolétarienne." He also participated, with his brother Maurice, in the review "Les humbles," the journal "L'insurgé," & (without Maurice, a novelist, who broke with the anarchists in favor of the Bolsheviks, & later became an organizer, with André Breton & Leon Trotsky, of the F.I.A.R.I. [Fédération Internationale (pour l') Art Révolutionnaire Indépendant]).
http://newmedia.cgu.edu/cody/surrealism/Brenton.htm


1931 -- Poet/novelist Donald Barthelme lives, Philadelphia.
http://www.jessamyn.com/barth/



1933 -- US: Prohibition ends.

Inspires hemp smokers & bottle recyclers.

1937 -- US: Pennsylvania farmers throw strikers out of a chocolate factory so they won't lose any more milk sales.



1937 -- Spain: Italian anarchist militant Antonio Cieri (1898–1937) is killed on the Huesca front during the Spanish Revolution.
... show more details

A leading light in the anti-fascist Arditi del Popolo, during five days in August 1922 he participated in the successful defence of working class neighbourhoods from heavily armed fascist squads which numbered 20,000. With the militant socialist Picelli he was one of the principal organisers of the resistance. Barricades were thrown up & the whole working class population came out. The fascists were resisted with firearms, rocks, & knives

.

An amusing incident from these days of high drama: as Antonio & his comrades were raising a barricade, they saw a priest come cycling up fast. After a sarcastic exchange between Antonio & the priest, the latter led him into the church. Antonio had not set foot in such a place since childhood. Grabbing one end of a bench, the priest commanded Antonio to help him carry it outside to reinforce the barricade.

All the benches were removed from the church, but the priest stopped the confessional box being added to the barricade. Soon, he said, you will be killing fascists & breaking the fifth commandment & would need to be confessed!

The heroic defence of the working class neighbourhoods has been immortalised in the historical novel Oltretorrente by Pino Cacucci

.

Forced into exile, he went to Paris where he founded the anarchist paper "Umanita Nova" with Camillo Berneri & others & for a long time was its editor.

In 1936 he went to Spain & was a founder of the Italian Column which became attached to the Ascaso Column & was one of its commanders alongside fellow Abruzzese Giuseppe Bifolchi from December 1936 until his death today during an assault. There were strong suspicions that he had been shot in the back by a Stalinist & this allegation was made in "Guerra di Classe," Berneri’s paper.

His two children, Ubaldo & Renee, were adopted & brought up by Giovanna Caleffi, the companion of Camillo Berneri.

On 22 October 2006 a plaque in his memory was put up in the neighbourhood which he had helped defend against the fascists in Parma.

http://libcom.org/history/cieri-antonio-1898-1937
In Italian see http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Cieri

1939 -- "Author, Author" premiers on Mutual radio (US).


1941 -- Paul Gallico story "The Snow Goose" is published.


1944 -- US Liberty ship hit a reef 60 yards from the London shore. It cracked into three pieces, & 62 crewmembers died.


1948 -- Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) formed in Geneva, with the stated goal of making health care available to everyone in the world by the year 2000.


1951 -- Gustave Henri Jossot dies, in Sidi Bou Saïd. French painter, illustrator & caricaturist who targeted the mainstream institutions of family, army, justice, churches, schools, etc.

Jossot, deeply libertarian, refused to be labeled an anarchist. Depressed for years, he gave up caricatures in 1907, moved to Tunisia in 1911, converted to Islam in 1913 for a short period before denouncing religion & agitating again, for the rights of Moslem women, etc. Jossot confined his artistic endeavors to painting landscapes & Tunisian everyday life.

1954 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Pres. Eisenhower uses the domino theory to justify fighting in Vietnam.


1956 -- Osmond coins "psychedelic."


1959 -- Here's Lookin' At Yuh? The "Columbia Basin Herald" publishes an article on Bleedster Bobby Braunwart's telescope.



1962 -- Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, & Mick Taylor meet Brian Jones at the Ealing Club, a London hangout for those who like the blues.

1966 -- Australia: Two prosecuted for burning conscription papers, Sydney.

1966 -- US: Sandoz stops supplying LSD to researchers. Rumor has it the stuff is so good they want to keep it for themselves. Meanwhile, during this month, the FBI treats the press to its LSD file & oddly enough a spate of negative press on LSD begins appearing.


1966 -- High Seas: US H-bomb, missing since a January B-52 crash, (the fopurth they have lost) is recovered off the Spanish coast. This one will not sleep with the fishes tonite.


1966 -- US: City Lights Books, in Frisco, sponsors the appearance of Russian poet Andri Vozneskensy at the Fillmore. Anarchist poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti read translations & The Airplane performs.
Source: [Frisco History Archive]


1967 -- Tom Donahue takes over KMPX, turns it into progressive rock radio station.


1968 -- US: 9,000 attend a Seattle memorial for Martin Luther King, Jr., slightly fewer than would attend the April 1994 memorial following the death of Kurt Cobain.


1969 -- US: Supreme Court strikes down a law prohibiting private possession of obscene material.


1970 -- Midnight Cowboy becomes the first X rated film to win the Best Picture Oscar. (In 1994 the film was re-released unedited, & by '90s standards received only an R rating)


1970 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Ronald Reagan, Governor of California & soon-to-be President, announces his attitude towards student civil rights activists, dissenters, & Vietnam War protesters (quote):

"If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with."

1974 -- Psssst? Francis Ford Coppola movie "The Conversation" premiers.


1977 -- Jim Thompson September 27, 1906 - April 7, 1977

---

[ Bibliography, ]

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1978 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader President Carter defers production of neutron bomb.


1979 -- Italy: Incarceration madness. Mass arrests as thousands of radicals jailed for "terrorist conspiracy." Their writings & actions, says the State, its mouth full of rocks, "generalizes terrorism." Italian law allows suspects to be held 12 years without trial.


1981 -- El Salvador: Massacre of Monte Carmelo — Salvadoran police murder 20.

American mainstream media ignore US-sponsored terror & massacres, praising both Carter & Reagan's Latin American policies. Peasants were the main victims, along with labor organizers, students, priests or anyone suspected of working for the interests of the people. In Carter's last year, 1980, the death toll reached about 10,000, rising to about 13,000 for 1981 as the Reaganites took command. Another 600,00 people (13% of the population) this year are turned into refugees.

http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/sam/sam-2-02.html
http://books.google.com/books...chomsky+el+salvador
http://books.google.com/books...massacre+of+monte+carmelo

1982 -- Italy: Pio Turroni (1900-1982) dies. Anarchist & long-time antifascist militant, fought in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, & long-time publisher of “Volontà.”
[Details / context]


1984 -- US: Soc It To Me? Lightning strikes soccer players using an aluminum ladder to put up a net, Texass; it knocks the clothes off one player.



1986 -- In Oliver Sacks' book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, an examination of bizarre neurological disorders, is an account of oppositely impaired patients — aphasiacs who can't understand spoken words, but do take in information from extraverbal cues, & tonal agnosiacs who understand the actual words, but miss their emotional content — watching a speech by Acting President Reagan.

"It was the grimaces, the histrionisms, the false gestures &, above all, the false tones & cadences of the voice," writes Sacks, which caused the word-deaf aphasiacs to laugh hysterically at the Great Communicator, while one agnosiac, relying entirely on the actual words, sat in stony silence, concluding that "he is not cogent ... his word-use is improper" & suspecting that "he has something to conceal."

"Here then," writes Sacks "was the paradox of the President's speech. We normals — aided, doubtless, by our wish to be fooled were indeed well & truly fooled ... & so cunningly was deceptive word-use combined with deceptive tone, that only the brain-damaged remain intact, undeceived."

1988 -- Honduras: 2,000 students attack the US embassy in Tegucigalpa after the US kidnaps a suspected drug supplier from the country...apparently incensed that the US government continues to corner the drug market for itself.

Two of the most prominent areas in which the CIA's conduct has had catastrophic consequences for Americans have been in its 50-year history of drug smuggling into the US, & its role in generating hatred for America throughout the world.

See Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs & the Press by Alexander Cockburn & Jeffrey St. Clair. Also visit the page Yahoo.com refused to list (includes a "Timeline of CIA Atrocities"),
http://www.serendipity.li/cia.html
http://www.ciadrugs.com/

1989 -- NY: The State Supreme Court takes America's Cup away from SD Yacht Club for sinking Soviet sub in Norwegian Sea, with about a dozen deaths.


1990 -- US: Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader National Security Adviser Admiral John Poindexter convicted on all five felony charges in Iran-Contra Conspiracy trial.

One of many "patriots" involved in criminal schemes under Beloved & Respected Comrade Leader Reagan's watch. Meanwhile the "LA Times" says Bush is asking for a record $30-billion spy budget. Poindexter, convicted of conspiracy, lying to Congress, defrauding the government, & destroying evidence in the Iran Contra scandal, is rehabilitated by the Dubya Bush Cabal: on February 13, 2002, he is appointed Director of the Pentagon's Information Awareness Office.

http://www.hereinreality.com/bigbrother.html
http://www.bopsecrets.org/rexroth/sf/1965.htm#Cowboy%20Diplomacy

1991 -- US: Over 5,000 rally against police brutality in Los Angeles.


1992 -- Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres wins the Pulitzer Prize for fiction (US).


1994 -- Rwanda: Civil war (& genocide) erupts. 11 Belgian UN peacekeepers are tortured & killed, a key factor in the withdrawal of UN forces & the subsequent genocide that takes at least 500,000 lives.


1995 -- México: Radio Huayacocotla (500 watts!) suppressed by the government, Huayacocotla, Veracruz.

The Secretariat for Communications & Transport (SCT), through its technicians, ordered the suspension of transmission of Radio Huayacocotla, "The Voice of the Campesino" — a repressive reaction against the Radio on the part of rightist conservative groups, those who own the economic & political forces of the region as well as the state & federal Governments.

http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9505/0051.html

1995 -- Terra e Liberdade, uma co-produção anglo-espanhola e um dos filmes espanhóis concorrentes em Cannes, estreou-se em Madrid em 7 de Abril [de 1995]. / Land & Freedom, one of the competing Spanish films in Cannes [ of 1995 ].
http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117903984.html?categoryid=31&cs=1

1995 -- US: UN Human Rights Committee criticizes the US for race & sex discrimination, police brutality & the death penalty.


1995 -- Poland: Beloved & Respected Comrade Honcho Jaruzelski is indicted for 1970 killings of 44 protesters in Warsaw.



1997 -- Jim Bumpas (1943-1997) dies, Eugene, Oregon. Sportsman, attorney, computer enthusiast, baseball & soccer coach, social critic & author. Publisher of the Social Revolutionary Anarchist Federation (SRAF) newsletter during the 1970s & 80s, Mountain View, California. IWW member.

Jim was an avid simulated war games enthusiast & an award winning game designer in the late 70s. See for example "Tatchanka - Ukraine, 1919-21," a strategic simulation of one of the last parts of the Russian Civil War...

Victory Points won by the Makhnovists does not mean they are against the revolution, just that they've gain breathing space for their brand of regional anarchism, & constitutes one in the eye for Bolshevik centralism...

[Details / context]

1998 -- Wendy O. Williams, the chainsaw-wielding singer for the punk rock band, The Plasmatics, commits suicide in the woods near her Connecticut home.
http://www.plasmatics.com/
http://web.archive.org/web/20020821144328/http://www.interlog.com/~ambrozic/pool.html


2002 -- England: International Animal Rights Festival. 'A Gathering of Thousands In Memory of Barry Horne.' Bands, stalls & speakers from every section of the animal rights movement, at the Astoria, London, with Conflict, Riot Clone, Filament, Icons of Filth, Inner Terrestrials, La Fraction, Social Conflict, Active Slaughter, Subhumans & Catering by Veggies.
http://www.veggies.org.uk/calendar/2002.htm


2003 -- US: Police fire rubber bullets & tear gas on antiwar protesters, Oakland, California.


2155 -- Outer Space: First contact between humans & the Centauri Alliance (Babylon 5 timeline).

3000 --

The things the worker buys with his wages are first of all consumer goods which enable him to survive, to reproduce his labor-power so as to be able to continue selling it; & they are spectacles, objects for passive admiration. He consumes & admires the products of human activity passively. He does not exist in the world as an active agent who transforms it, but as a helpless, impotent spectator; he may call this state of powerless admiration "happiness," & since labor is painful, he may desire to be "happy," namely inactive, all his life (a condition similar to being born dead). The commodities, the spectacles, consume him; he uses up living energy in passive admiration; he is consumed by things. In this sense, the more he has, the less he is. — Fredy Perlman, The Reproduction of Daily Life

9003 -- Science fiction author, poet, anarchist, Ursula Le Guin, Portland Oregon. March 2003 antiwar protest.
[She's much larger than she first appears...a giant compared to pygmy politicians... — ed.]

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