>From alex Mon Sep 11 17:59:02 MSD 1995 POWER FROM POTENTIAL Theory and experiments by Alexander V. Frolov P.O.Box 37, St.-Petersburg, 193024, Russia email alex@frolov.spb.su INTRODUCTION Present article classify extraction of excess power by means of electric discharge ( arc ) as special case for application of electric potential field for creation of power. DEFINITIONS Energy is the possibility to make the work. Power is process of work per unit of time. Potential is the value of energy that can be used to make the work. PREHISTORY It is clear that any experimental data can be interpretated by different conceptions. N. Tesla's research work for wireless power transmission from the point of view of energetics is transformation of high-voltage and high-frequency electric field energy in output power to make useful work in load. The direction of some Tesla's patent research [1] was derivation of excess power from electric discharges. In the end of 1960s Prof. Alexander V. Chernetsky and Uri A. Galkin, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Moscow, made experiments for strong arc current and observed so call "self-generating discharge". Figure 1 show the voltage U and current I for this special case of arc. _ _ / \ current I /\ \ / \ \ _ / \ \ _ _ ----------------\--------------------------- t \ -- \ / \ \ _/ voltage U Figure 1 Note that for part of cycle the current is increasing when voltage is decreasing. dI/dt>0 for dU/dt<0 F.1 Negative resistance have place R = U/I F.2 This fact means that in process for self-generating discharge, by Chernetsky, the power P = I U F.3 inflow into system from outside. Detailed description for Chernetsky's experiments published in English in [2] and [3]. Power output was up to 500 Kwatts and fact for reverse current from experimental system into electric station was detected. Swiss M-L converter described in [4] and [5] use high potential source like Wimshurst machine that is connected to "spark gap cylinders". It is capacitor that have spires between cylinders to create "slow electrical arc" between inner and outside cylinders. SCHEMES FOR EXPERIMENTS Let us find what is general for all technologies above. Chernetsky's scheme published in magazine Energy and Ecology'86 in Russian, was the next: I L1 I I I I________/\ /\ /\ ______I \/ \/ \/ =============== ___ /\ /\ /\ /\ /\ ___ I \/ \/ \/ \/ \/ I I L2 I I I __I__ _I_ _____ C1 I I I I I R1 I arc gap I___I I__________ ___________I I I I Sw1 I I____/ _____I Figure 2 A.V. Chernetsky used 5 lampes for 220 AC in series as load. So, transformer was like 220/1000 Volt, 50 Hz. The discharge gap had carbonic electrodes. When switch Sw1 is open the power in load is increasing. I used hand-made transformer 28/2800 VAC for 5 KHz input, high-voltage lamp as load and metal electrodes. The gap was 2-3 mm. Voltmeter and ammeter are checking input power. You can easy find in this experiment that output power is increasing when arc have place but power in primary circuit is decreasing. You can check that Conservation Law is right: when Sw1 is closed and current of conductivity have place, the connection of load lead to increase of comsumption power. So, "plasma element" in circuit allow extract additional power from outside of system but not from primary source. Now let us consider other simple experiment that is close connected with scheme above. More detailed description of it published in [6]. Take the metal piece, screew-driver, for example, and create arc between end of it and one wire of high-voltage transformer. I I I L1 I I_ /\ /\ __I \/ \/ \/ _____________ ================ ______________[ \ __/\ /\ /\ ____________ I metal [ insulator / \/ \/ \/ arc I______________[ \ L2 [_____________/ Figure 3 Check the power input and be sure that power process of arc is free from input source. No any power consumption increase when powerful arc have place even for hot screw-driver. Next version of experiment is possible if you have single-polarity potential of the end of wire for pulsed current transformer. For positive potential on wire the arc is more powerful than for other wire. This difference is not demonstrated for AC transformer. Both ends of AC coil can be used for creation of arc. This difference show the nature for such sort free power arc. Positive potential of wire make work for attraction of free electrones from metal of screw-driver. It is not the current of conductivity but displacement current. Application of effect above into useful form can be made like known Avramenko-Zaev-Lisin experiments [7]. The scheme is I L1 I VD1 I /\ /\ /\ I ____|/|_____ \/ \/ \/ \/ I |\| I ================== A I _I_ _/\ /\ /\ /\____________I I I \/ \/ \/ I I I R L2 I I_ _I I____|\|_____I |/| VD2 Figure 4 The alternating potential in point A is sufficient for conductivity current in close circuit VD1-VD2-R. This diodes pair have the name as Avramenko's plug. I used for this scheme 30 VAC hand-made generator for L1, frequency 10 KHz, transformer 30/3000 Volts and diodes for 1.5 KV pressure. The ammeter can be used as load R. Note that ammeter in wire between transformer and point A don't show any current. CONCLUSIONS There are experimentally proved possibility to create power in load by means of potential only. By similar approach mechanical motion, rotation and propulsion force can be created. So, free energetics can be formulated as transformation of potential in power or Energy-Power Transformation. Since the power is process, the question is the parameters of process only. Alexander V. Frolov REFERENCES 1. Speculations in Science and Technology, Vol.13, Number 4, 1990, p.249, Donald Kelly, A Review of the Free-Energy Scenario. 2. EFE-Denver Report, p.94-B22-02, Vacuum Energy Developments, Andrew Michrowski, Published by Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Inc., 100 Bronson Av., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8, Canada. Order by email 100276.261@compuserve.com 3. A.V. Chernetsky, About physical nature for bioenergy, Moscow, 1989, in Russian. 4. Newsletter of Space Energy Association, Vol.2 p.3 Published by SEA/US, P.O.Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616, USA. 5. Dr. Patrick G. Bailey, Proceeding of Denver'94 Conference, "Other voices: A Summary of Research not Present. Re: Paul Baumann's Methernitha Free-Energy Machine. Institute for New Energy email address: INE@padrak.com. 6. The single-wire electric power transmission, A.V. Frolov, published by New Energy News, December 1994, p.13-14. P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639, USA. Email INE@padrak.com. 7. N.E.Zaev, S.V.Avramenko, V.N.Lisin, "The measuring of Conduction Current that is stimulated by Polarization current, Journal of Russian Physical Society, No.2'1991, in Russian. ======================================================================== --- Alexander V. Frolov email: alex@frolov.spb.su P. O. Box 37, St.-Petersburg, 193024, Russia """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""